![]() Microsoft’s Chromium-based browser, rebuilt for performance, compatibility and security. Safari is faster and more energy efficient than other browsers. The best browser for your Mac is the browser that comes with your Mac. Trying to finish installing gnu icecat to system (OS: PopOS 20.10 x8664). Want to see more alternatives for GNU IceCat? Safari For example, setting a non-mobile user agent string for a desired domain would make it possible in Android to visit a non-mobile version of a website. ![]() IceCat also has functionaity to set a different user agent string each for different domains in about:config. prb:installing icecat Mobile Actions: Looking at F-droid icecatmobile package ,the last release 68.4. ![]() I also see that F-droid version is 60.5.1 but in the GNU server the last one is only 60.3.0. Hello, I am a new member and I’d like to know if IceCatMobile is still maintained and updated. 1 inch IPS capacitive touch screen,Android 9. Is it a mix of Firefox and the newest IceCat Thanks F-Droid Forum IceCatMobile question. Firefox Nightly gets a new version every few hours. The GNU LibreJS extension detects and blocks nonfree nontrivial JavaScript. PIM product data: Belkin Screen Overlay Samsung 3 pc(s) F8M296CW Tablet Screen Protectors Samsung Galaxy. Its powerful development tools will …įirefox Nightly is the (alpha) release channel for development of Mozilla Firefox. If you use a Android Smartphone (other Mobile-OS same) you should take a minute to get back your privacy and security This points helps to prevent. ![]() Pale Moon offers you a …įirefox Developer Edition gives you the latest, fast performance and the development tools you need to build for the open web. Pale Moon is an open source Goanna-based web browser available for Microsoft Windows and Linux with a focus on efficiency and ease of use. Opera is an innovative browser that focuses on implementing new technologies without sacrificing simplicity and ease of use, speed and security support and contribute …Ĭhromium is the open-source browser project from which Google Chrome gets its source. NET client library for get and parse Icecat XML. Chrome offers fast …īrave Web Browser is a fast, free, secure web browser with a built-in adblocker *, tracking and security protection, and optimized data and battery experience. icecat Mobile 45-0.7 under Android Nougat 7.1.1 on BQ Auaris X5 Plus. A free web browser developed by Google from the open source Chrome project with a focus on speed and minimalism. Nefarious IPs: Google webview which is a part of firefox and android has numerous. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Here’s how the Contributor portal looks like: However, the video length should be from 5 to 60 seconds. Videos: You can also create videos and sell them on this portal.You can submit EPS format files with a maximum size of 15 mb or JPG images with at least 4.0 mega pixels. Vectors and Illustrations: You can also create Vectors and illustrations and sell them on this website.So you will probably need a High resolution camera for that. Photo Selling: You can sell lots of photos on Shutterstock provided that they are in JPG format and are at least 4.0 mega pixels.Now there are three types of content that you can sell on Shutterstock: All you need to do is create outstanding photos and images. They have clearly mentioned it on their website that you can immediately start getting thousands and millions of visitors and start earning money. So if you’re good at Photography or Video editing and Publishing then this website can literally make you rich. Now Shutterstock offers a great opportunity for those who create digital content that includes unique photos and videos. Since we want to know how to sell Photos and Videos on Shutterstock to earn money online so we will be focusing on the Contributor part. Contributors share the digital media that they have created and Customers buy it. There are two types of accounts on Shutterstock, Customer and Contributor. Their basic aim is to help digital contributors and buyers to connect with each other and make successful transactions. They are currently operating in more than 150 countries and provide digital imagery licenses. So it’s been more than 10 years since they have been in this business having customers all over the world. Shutterstock was launched in 2003 and their Headquarters is located in New York. What You Need To Know About daily life activities ? Get the latest lifestyle news with articles and videos on pets, parenting, fashion, beauty, food, travel, relationships and more on CNN is a global marketplace for buyers and users who want to earn money online by selling photos. Get the latest CNN health news headlines : breaking health and medical news from the UK and around the world, with in-depth features on well-being and lifestyle. Get the latest CNN Science and Environment News: breaking news, analysis and debate on science news environment and nature in the UK and around the world. View entertainment news shows technology news world : breaking news and analysis on computing, the web, blogs, games, gadgets, social media, broadband and more. Latest sports news articles from around the world with in-depth analysis, features, photos and videos covering football, tennis, motorsport, golf, rugby, sailing, skiing, horse racing and equestrian. 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We are the world best leading online newspaper portal. ![]() ![]() ![]() Level 4 number: 1 hint: Host of the US TV series The Voice Answers: CARSON DALY number: 2 hint: Picture Answers: PARIS number: 3 hint: Rapper and actor played Tej Parker in The Fast and the Furious Answers: LUDACRIS number: 4 hint: This actor is primarily known for his role as Neo Answers: KEANU number: 5 hint: First champion of the women’s division of the UFC Answers: ROUSEY number: 6 hint: Cast member from Jersey Shore with signature slippers Answers: SNOOKI number: 7 hint: Picture Answers: NAS number: 8 hint: Also known as Sean Combs Answers: DIDDY number: 9 hint: Actress who played Lois Lane & Giselle Answers: AMY ADAMS number: 10 hint: Picture Answers: JAY Z Level 3 number: 1 hint: This singer is best known for her single Royals Answers: LORDE number: 2 hint: She portrayed Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter movies Answers: EMMA WATSON number: 3 hint: Picture Answers: PINK number: 4 hint: This actor played the protagonist in Forrest Gump Answers: TOM HANKS number: 5 hint: Singer know for Into the Groove Papa Don’t Preach Vogue Answers: MADONNA number: 6 hint: Picture Answers: STERN number: 7 hint: Starred as troubled teenager in Rebel Without a Cause Answers: DEAN number: 8 hint: This Jennifer played Rachel on the hit TV Show Friends Answers: ANISTON number: 9 hint: Picture Answers: MANNING ![]() ![]() #LEVEL 3 CROSSWORD QUIZ POP CULTURE LEVEL 2 SERIES# #LEVEL 3 CROSSWORD QUIZ POP CULTURE LEVEL 2 SERIES#.#LEVEL 3 CROSSWORD QUIZ POP CULTURE LEVEL 2 FOR ANDROID#. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() At its peaks, the empire was home to nearly half of the world’s population. A natural born leader and a skilled military strategist, he was able to create one of the greatest empires in history, that spanned from Greece all the way to India. And its main urban center, Thessaloniki, a vibrant port at the Aegean Sea, is widely considered the cultural capital of Greece, hosting architectural marvels created by the Byzantine, Ottoman and Sephardic Jewish civilizations.īefore moving on with the story, I have to mention a few things about Macedonia’s most famous son: Alexander the Great, king of the ancient kingdom of Macedon, in the 4th century BC. But mountains aren’t everything, as Macedonia also has a lot of seaside towns and villages, with golden beaches and crystal clear waters. Much of its territory is mountainous, with the highest altitude reached on Mount Olympus ( 2,917 m), known in Greek mythology as the home of the gods. Northern Greece is almost synonym with Macedonia, the largest and second most populous region of the country. ![]() And since the Ionian islands were not far and I really wanted to visit another isle, I added to the itinerary the only one that’s directly accessible by car: Lefkada. So four years later, I managed to tick Northern Greece off my travel bucket list. That promise came after spending a joyful week in the capital Athens and in Mykonos, one of the trendiest islands in the Mediterranean Sea. I recall saying to myself, back in 2017, that one day I’ll have to come back to Greece, to discover its northern part, along with the city of Thessaloniki and at least one more scenic island. ![]() ![]() In scale mode, notes in the scale light up on the keyboard, with the root lit even brighter – perfect if you aren't a trained keyboard player. Use the Light Guide to identify drum cells, key switches, phrases, and more at a glance – play every KOMPLETE Instrument in full color. The result: You see exactly what you’re editing directly on the hardware, whether it’s EQ in kHz or the exact frequency of a filter cutoff – without any setup time. All essential parameter names and values load instantly on the Clear View display, and are intuitively grouped into pages. Each KOMPLETE Instrument was mapped in-house by Native Instruments’ sound designers. Native Map® technology guarantees you don't need to worry about mapping KOMPLETE Instrument parameters ever again. ![]() The keyboard and all its features remain fully functional even when in Browse mode – never stop performing. Just press the Browse button, turn the push encoder to select your instrument, choose a sound, and go. Search for sounds across all KOMPLETE Instruments using musical tags and keywords. And what’s more, the NKS version of an instrument will be a free update for existing owners.ĭig deep into thousands of sounds with ease, thanks to the unified browsing workflow of KOMPLETE KONTROL – limitless inspiration in a single plug-in. NKS instruments can access the Light Guide, Smart Play features, and the full creative potential of KOMPLETE KONTROL. This means that even instruments not built by NI can be fully integrated in the KOMPLETE KONTROL and MASCHINE browsers, with instrument parameters intelligently mapped straight out of the box. It allows VST and KONTAKT instrument developers to integrate their plug-ins with KOMPLETE KONTROL and MASCHINE at the same deep level as KOMPLETE Instruments. NKS is Native Instruments’ extended plug-in format that opens up the KOMPLETE KONTROL system. KOMPLETE KONTROL continues its evolution with Native Kontrol Standard® (NKS). VST support opens the gates to your entire software instrument library. ![]() ![]() It introduces Native Kontrol Standard® (NKS) – a new plug-in format which unlocks KOMPLETE KONTROL so that third-party instruments can access the Light Guide, Smart Play features, and more – with all instrument parameters intelligently mapped. The KOMPLETE KONTROL software is constantly evolving, and the latest software update is the biggest yet. The KOMPLETE KONTROL S-Series combines smart, elegantly designed keyboards with advanced control software to form a fully integrated centerpiece for studio and stage – matchless control over all your software instruments from one award-winning keyboard. 88-key MIDI controller with NKS technology for superior plug-in integration. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() As you can see, I made some experiments on how this mixing medium changes the properties of a wash. ![]() Palomino Horse: Golden Skin, Light Tone (AP), Mojave White. © - Planszowe, Karciane, Fabularne, Zrcznociowe, Strategiczne, amigówki. Quickshade Wash Mixing Medium: A transparent fluid designed to dilute Quickshade Washes (or Citadel Shades) without changing the flow, making the wash more translucent and helping to settle the pigments better in the recesses.Dapple Horse: Graphite, Dark Tone (AP) + Quickshade Wash Mixing Medium (AP), Graphite + Nacar, White.Najwicej ofert, opinii i sklepów w jednym miejscu. Bad lighting and a camera phone that is fighting me every step of the way will be todays excuses. Kup teraz AP: Quickshade - Blue Tone na za 13,90 z - 12774062367 Bielsko-Biaa. Adaptable to most soils, from wet to fairly dry, the native deciduous tree holds ap- peal for its rapid growth, quick shade, and tolerance of al. Not that my pictures show that off really well. I am still blown away with the sculpted details in these tiny tiny minies. 2 mounted bowmen and 2 sergeants-at-arms. Fitted with three central hands and a date window at 3 o. Reflecting the design upgrades practised in 2022, the 50m water-resistant 18k white gold case reveals its wider bevels and contrasting polished and brushed surfaces. Brown: Brown Leather, Strong Tone (AP) Brown Leather + Mojave WhiteĪlso got a few units done. As iconic as it gets, the 41mm three-hand Selfwinding Royal Oak is represented in the trilogy.Paint recipe (as always scale 75 unless otherwise noted) If you see a message saying no shipping methods are available when you select your postage, it may be because you have prohibited items in your basket - if you are unsure, feel free to contact us by email or using our Contact Form.Keeping with the pewdiepie theme for the farm animals, Joergen and Joergen 2 have now joined the forces □ Quick and easy to paint. Please note that some items (primarily liquids over 200ml and solvent-based products) cannot be shipped internationally or to the Channel Islands. International orders have VAT taken off at our checkout, but please be aware you are responsible for any import VAT, duties or customs charges levied. International shipping prices are complex and regularly change, but when you select your country you will see accurate prices in the shopping cart for all available options. We mainly use Royal Mail Airmail for international deliveries. £7.95 up to 2.5 kilos, £10.75 over 2.5 kilos. Army Painter (AP) Quickshade Strong Tone (250ml tin) (AP) Speedpaint Mega Set (AP) Colour Primer (Spray can) - Ash Grey AP) Colour Primer (Spray can). Order before 1pm for Next Working Day delivery. Royal Mail 24 / Tracked 24 (1-4 days) From £1.70 to £6.30, based on order value and size Royal Mail 48 / Tracked 48 (2-5 days) From £1.40 to £3.95, based on order value and size This is an economy service, and we'll select the most cost-effective method for you. This item The Army Painter Quickshade Miniature Varnish for Miniature Painting, Soft Tone Model Paint Quickshade Varnish, Pot/Can, 250 ml, Approximately 8.45 oze The Army Painter Speedpaint Mega Set - 24 x 18ml Speed Model Paint Kit Pre Loaded with Mixing Balls and 1 Brush- Base, Shadow and Highlight in One Miniature and Model Paint Set for. Its getting colder this time of year so I made sure to warm the can in warm water, shake it to death, spray light coats from a good distance etc, and even let them dry in a warm. We offer free delivery on UK orders over £70. With the coloured Quickshade Washes you will get not only great shading, but also the chance of colour. It costs a lot of postage to order spray online in the UK as it has to be delivered by courier, so I started with AP Antishine because it is stocked at my local store. Orders received at weekends are shipped on the Monday. We aim to ship all Royal Mail orders received by 3.30pm the same day. class'algoSlugicon' data-priority'2'>Web. Downloadable products (PDF E-books) are delivered as a link in the confirmation email we send you.īelow is a summary of the most popular services - for full details, visit our P&P Prices page, or you will see accurate prices quoted for all available shipping options in your shopping cart. My review and analysis of the clear high transparency resin for 3d printing from Nova3D. Depending on the service you choose, postage prices are based on the packed weight or value of your order. ![]() ![]() If you are in need of the materials for these painting sessions, we can send you a Paint Night Kit. There is real value and joy in the process of creating!Īll you need to enjoy the painting session are the materials listed below. Most of all, we encourage you to just enjoy the creative process and the time that you spend creating. We encourage you to put your creative spin on the featured image and change up the colours and style of the painting if you like. Welcome to Fresh Paint Studio’s Virtual Paint Night! Our virtual sessions will guide you through, step-by step, via Zoom on how to complete your version of the featured image. ![]() Our virtual paint nights are for both kids and adults and are perfect for a creative night in! So Let’s Get Creative! Fresh Paint Studio is now virtual! We are offering virtual paint nights that you can do conveniently from home. I will instruct the entire class on the inspiration and highlights! It is a blast.Long stretches spent indoors while social distancing can be challenging especially when we don’t have as much access to fun and creative events. They typically find something online that inspires them and we do our own version, based on what components stand out to them. One aspect of Paint and Sip VT that our customers love is we let the host pick the “ Painting Inspiration“. Please contact us to coordinate your group’s needs. We do partner with large businesses for groups of 300+. It is easiest to contact us to discuss your vision or discuss the logistics and options. We can partner with you on the details and coordination. Paint Nite - The Original Paint and Sip experience (10305127). Paint Nite - The Original Paint and Sip experience (10305127) Skip Main Navigation. If you have less than 15 people, we do have a flat-rate option, available. Paint the Town offers social painting with a twist with our virtual, in-person and hybrid paint and sip workshops Perfect for virtual team building, birthday parties and any other special occasion. Eventbrite - presents Virtual: Paint Nite: The Original Paint and Sip Party - Tuesday, ApFind event and ticket information. If you have more people 100, 200, or more, we suggest breaking into groups of less than 50 per session. Our maximum per party is up to 60 people. We have a minimum of 15 people for our private parties. We would love to host your group and share how it works. Our virtual paint classes have been incredibly successful. We can provide Zoom connect info or if you have your own, we can use your connect information. Where are the Virtual Paint Classes held?Īs of February 2022, we are providing Virtual Classes Only at this time. It is completely up to your group’s needs for the paint and sip class. They can go longer or be capped for 1 hour. ![]() Our team building paint classes are typically run 1.5 – 2 hours long. We pack and ship kits to each of your participants, email you Zoom connect information, and lead the group through the paint-and-sip experience. I highly recommend Unarthodox for your next virtual paint n sip activity. Unarthodox are efficient, professional and very entertaining. We give everyone all of the supplies needed, says Lockerd. I recently worked with Unarthodox on hosting a virtual Paint n Sip for my client and they did not disappoint. Or, better yet, check out these take-home art kits to send in advance as party favors to family and friends. You can pick up most of these items at a local craft store like Michaels. The host provides a date/time for the party, a list of addresses, and the total headcount. According to Lockerd, you’ll need paint, brushes, paint cups, a canvas, and an easel. ![]() ![]() ![]() It facilitates the work with documents and visually displays the current language. Many PC users prefer to switch languages using a dedicated language bar on their desktop. After you have tried several methods, but the Windows language bar is still not displayed as a result of your actions, use the most adapted layout switcher - Punto Switcher, to enable this much-requested tray symbol. This will allow you to return the tool, place it conveniently for use on your desktop. And you can also log out / log in to permanently restore startup. Now the editor needs to be closed, and the computer turned off and on again.Fill in the column "Value" with the command ctfmon = ctfmon.exe, agree with the changes.Using the right button, select a new parameter, change its data.Click on the free part on the right side with the mouse and create a "String parameter" (specify any name).Find the HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run branch.An interface should open allowing you to edit the registry.Pressing Windows R will open the Run window.To remedy the situation on Windows base 7, 8, XP, the following scheme is suitable: Sometimes you may find that the real service is gone. To restore the loading of the icon when you turn on Windows, you will need to use a specialized service auto start. How to return the language bar in Windows to the bottom bar by autoload Place an icon next to "Display language bar on desktop".Open the "Control Panel", the "Regional and Language Options" section.The previous scheme works for the seventh version on Windows XP, you can restore it like this: This is what panel recovery looks like on Windows 7 Check the box next to "Pinned to the taskbar"."Languages and text input services" - "Language bar".Alternative option: go to PU - "Regional and Language Options" - "Languages and Keyboards" - "Change Keyboard". By pressing W R open the window, write intl.cpl.If the icon is gone, and you are in, the following recommendations will do: Typically, the Windows language bar is located in the area of the tray that is visible on the right, at the bottom of the monitor. How to turn on the Windows language bar in the PU Check if startup programs are used, if they are present.The "Control Panel" has extensive functionality for solving tasks of a certain level, in particular for similar ones.Then the problem is solved by other means.ĭepending on the cause of the error, use one of the solutions to restore system functionality: There are frequent cases when the icon disappeared due to more serious reasons, but it still needs to be returned. Try clicking on the location of the language bar If necessary, check the "Language bar" checkbox to enable the display of the icon. If a software set up properly, and the notification icon for the language used is gone, check its presence by clicking right click on tray. When using the XP version, check if the software is debugged to work with several languages. But also changes are made with the help of special system functions to reconfigure the relevant characteristics. The rules by which the language layout of the keyboard is switched are set by many users or configuration services professionals during the installation of the operating system. Setup schemes may differ from each other. The language icon becomes visible when the OS is used multilingually, otherwise the need to use it completely disappears. Sometimes the language bar can disappear from the desktop What to do when the language is gone Windows panel- how to restore this tool on the desktop, which allows you to instantly determine the language mode, go to its customizable characteristics? How to turn it on, forcing it to act in working mode? Users experience difficulties caused by inept actions with settings, bugs, viruses, disappearance of ctfmon.exe from startup. It takes a lot of time and effort to set up the OS for comfortable operation. Sometimes accompanied by unexpected troubles. Restoring the language bar in Windows XP. Windows XP does not show the language bar. ![]() ![]() ![]() Memory makes a massive difference with Ryzen, just rna it on my 2700x with 3200mhz cl14 mem and got 3500 and change. Also I could try to use the same speed ram in all to help equalise that also. With more time, I'd set systems to run at fixed clock so there is no ambiguity. The 8086k seems to do a bit too well compared to the others. Speedup from HT/SMT is in ball park of 30%, so similar to R15. Intel CPUs seem to do a bit better here, but I haven't tested for ram scaling at all yet, so that might be a factor where it wasn't really in R15. Ryzen 1600: 1994 (97.7 points per core per GHz) Ryzen 2600: 2912 (all core clock 3.8-ish GHz, dual channel 2666 ram, 127.7 points per core per GHz) Ryzen 1600: 2536 (all core clock 3.4 GHz, dual channel 2933 ram, 124.3 points per core per GHz) Each test was run at least 2 times, the first time observing actual core clocks, 2nd time without monitoring software which generally lead to a small increase in score. Ok, some PRELIMINARY results and analysis.īattle of the 6 cores at my house. ![]() ![]() Other Misc Devices: 2012 MacBook Pro 13" running Linux Mint 21.1 - Mac Pro 1,1 (2x dual cores as I haven't swapped the quads in yet, 32GB DDR2 and a 512MB HD4870) running El Cap/Lion/sometimes other Mac OS X versions - iPod Video (5th gen) Mobile/Work Devices: Late 2014 iMac 5K (work computer) - iPhone 13 Pro Max - Apple Watch S3 Rest of the HEDT collection - Xeon X5675/EVGA X58 Classified 4-Way SLI - i7 4930K/EVGA X79 Dark Smol Rig - i7 6950X - Noctua NH-L12S - EVGA X99 Micro 2 - 4x4GB 2800MHz DDR4 - Radeon PRO WX2100 - 250GB 960 Evo + hotswap 2.5" bay + LG WH14NS40 ODD - SilverStone SST-TX300 - Dell Inspiron 530S Chassis - Linux Mint 21.1 Main PC - i9 7980XE - EKWB Quantum-something block - EVGA X299 Dark - 4x8GB HyperX Predator DDR4 - Intel ARC A770 LE - 1TB 970 Evo + 500GB XPG Atom30 + 2x 1TB MX500 - EVGA 1600W T2 - Corsair 750D Airflow - CPU-only custom loop w/360 slim rad + 280mm thick (60mm) rad & Noctua Redux NF-P12/P14s fans - Windows 11 Intel HEDT and Server platform enthusiasts: Intel HEDT Xeon/i7 Megathread Once I get over that hurdle, it's time to get benching!Įdit: direct downloads are now also available:Įdit: Results can be posted in link below. Unfortunately there doesn't appear to be a standalone download for Windows, and you have to get it through the MS store. This could be better representative of software and hardware looking forward. One area where it has been updated is that it scales to more threads, as well as using newer instructions. To match the latest version of the software, the company has now launched the Cinebench R20 benchmark.Įveryone loves Cinebench R15 right? What could be better than that? I don't know if this is it, but its successor is now available as Cinebench R20. In recent years it has slowly become less relevant, as Maxon has moved through to version 19 and 20 of the software. The latest version has been Cinebench R15, released for version 15 of Cinema 4D. One of the key benchmarks that have been used in the industry is Cinebench. ![]() ![]() ![]() In the example shown in Figure 4.3.5, there is 50 dB reduction in the received optical power level over 100 km single-mode fiber. ![]() Therefore tradeoffs have to be made between the resolution and the SNR.ĭynamic range of the optical receiver in an OTDR is also an important issue. For example, a pulse width of 100 ns in an OTDR will provide a spatial resolution of approximately 10 m in the fiber. In fact, the spatial resolution of an OTDR is proportional to the pulse width τ by R resolution = 0. However, wide pulse width corresponds to lower spatial resolution in the OTDR measurement. Both of these factors may contribute to increasing the receiver SNR. A wide optical pulse carries high optical energy for a fixed-peak power level, and at the same time the required receiver electrical bandwidth is also relatively low. Spatial resolution is another concern for an OTDR. However, the price paid for this sensitivity improvement are increased complexity as well as the requirements of a high-quality single-frequency laser diode and the frequency shifter for the local oscillator. Compared to the direct detection case discussed at the end of Section 4.3.2 in which the minimum detectable power level was –63 dBm, the OTDR with coherent detection has more than three orders of magnitude sensitivity improvement over its direct detection counterpart. Based on Equation 2.7.16, the required signal optical power is approximately –95 dBm to achieve SNR = 1. AM: amplitude modulator, AO: acousto-optic frequency modulator, PC: polarization controller, PD: photodetector, BPF: RF bandpass filter, ADC: analog-to-digital converter.Īs an example, assume that the photodiode responsivity is ℜ = 1 A / W and the receiver bandwidth is 1 MHz. Block diagram of an OTDR with coherent detection. Generally, in coherent detection the power of the local oscillator is strong enough such that the receiver SNR is mainly limited by the shot noise of the local oscillator.įigure 4.3.8. An RF bandpass filter with the central frequency at ω IF is used to select the intermediate frequency component. A polarization controller is used in the local oscillator branch to match the state of polarization and maximize the coherent detection efficiency. The backscattered optical signal from the fiber is combined with the frequency-shifted local oscillator through a fiber coupler and detected by a wideband photodiode. An acousto-optic (AO) modulator is used to shift the optical frequency of the local oscillator by ω IF, which determines the intermediate frequency (IF) of the coherent heterodyne detection. The other part is used as the local oscillator for coherent detection. One of them is used as the stimulating signal that is modulated into a pulse train by an external modulator and sent into the fiber under test. Read more Navigate Downįigure 4.3.8 shows the block diagram of a coherent OTDR, where the output from a single-frequency laser diode is split into two parts. ![]() The input-referred rms noise of the TIA can be obtained as 〈 i amp 2〉 = 〈 v amp 2〉/ Z TIA 2. Due to the noise contribution of the amplifier, an output noise power〈 v amp 2〉 is measured when the input signal current is turned off. For example, assume a TIA is used as the preamplifier with the transimpedance gain Z TIA = v out/ i in, where i in is the input signal current and v out is the output signal voltage. This preamplifier noise is commonly expressed as an "input-referred rms noise" 〈 i amp 2〉 so that it can be used together with 〈 i th 2〉, 〈 i sh 2〉, and 〈 i dk 2〉. Noise generated by the preamplifier also has to be considered in the receiver SNR analysis. ![]() 4.2.4 and 4.2.5 to amplify the photocurrent signal and convert it into an electrical voltage. In an optical receiver, an electrical preamplifier has to be used immediately after the photodiode as shown in Figs. For an electric bandwidth B of the receiver, the mean-square noise current, or equivalently the dark current noise power is 〈 i dk 2〉 = σ dk 2 B. Where I D is the dark current of the photodiode which depends on the structure of the pn junction, the doping levels of the material, and the temperature of the photodiode. ![]() |
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